Chapter 1　Preliminaries
1.1　Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages
1.2　Programming Domains
1.3　Language Evaluation Criteria
1.4　Influences on Language Design
1.5　Language Categories
1.6　Language Design Trade-offs
1.7　Implementation Methods
1.8　 Programming Environments
Summary·Review Questions·Problem Set
Chapter 2　Evolution of the Major Programming Languages
2.1　Zuses Plankalkul
2.2　Minimal Hardware Programming: Pseudocodes
2.3　The IBM 704 and Fortran
2.4　 Functional Programming: LISP
2.5　The First Step Toward Sophistication: ALGOL 60
2.6　Computerizing Business Records: COBOL
2.7　The Beginnings of Timesharing: BASIC
Interview: ALAN COOPER--User Design and Language Design
2.8　Everything for Everybody: PL/I
2.9　Two Early Dynamic Languages: APL and SNOBOL
2.10　The Beginnings of Data Abstraction: SIM U LA 67
2.11　Orthogonal Design: ALGOL 68
2.12　Some Early Descendants of the ALGOLs
2.13　Programming Based on Logic: Prolog
2.14　Historys Largest Design Effort: Ada
2.15　Object-Oriented Programming: Smalltalk
2.16　Combining Imperative and Object-Oriented Features: C++
2.17　An Imperative-Based Object-Oriented Language: Java
2.18　Scripting Languages: JavaScript, PHP, and Python
2.19　A C-Based Language for the New Millennium: C#
2.20　Markup/Programming Hybrid Languages
Summary·Bibliographic Notes·Review Questions .Problem Set
Chapter 3　Describing Syntax and Semantics
3.1　Introduction
3.2　The General Problem of Describing Syntax
3.3　Formal Methods of Describing Syntax
3.4　Attribute Grammars History Note
3.5　Describing the Meanings of Programs: Dynamic Semantics History Note
Summary·Bibliographic Notes·Review Questions·Problem Set
Programming Exercises
Chapter 4　Lexical and Syntax Analysis
4.1　Introduction
4.2　Lexical Analysis
4.3　The Parsing Problem
4.4　Recursive-Descent Parsing
4.5　Bottom-Up Parsing
Summary·Review Questions·Problem Set·Programming Exercises
Chapter 5　Names, Bindings, Type Checking, and Scopes
5.1　Introduction
5.2　Names
……
Chapter 6　Data Types
Chapter 7　Expressions and Assignment Statement
Chapter 8　Statement-Level Control Structures
Chapter 9　Subprograms
Chapter 10　Implementing Subprograms
Chapter 11　Abstract Data Types and Encapsulation Constructs
Chapter 12　Support for Object-Oriented Programming
Chapter 13　Concurrency
Chapter 14　Exception Handling and Event Handling
Chapter 15　Functional Programming Languages
Chapter 16　Logic Programming Languages